(Deutsche Übersetzung siehe unten)

Richard Dattner:

So let me tell you a little about the history of the adventure playground, because the man sitting next to me bears some responsibility.

I received a commission to design a playground really as a whim. My client was the Estée Lauder company, I had done a big factory for them. They wanted to do something good for New York and they asked me if I would design a playground and I said yes.

My wife is a clinical psychologist and she edu-cated me, aimed me at the works by Piaget and Bruno Bettelheim. But then I started looking around and 
I hated the playgrounds of that time as most of us did. And there were two examples in New York, one built and one unbuilt of a different direction in play. One was a playground that was being designed in Riverside park by Lou Kahn and Isamu Noguchi and it was a landscape of mounds and walls and channels and rivers. Poor Noguchi, I feel sorry for him. He and Lou Khan, perhaps the greatest architect and the greatest sculptor of that generation struggled mightily and ultimately lost the struggle to build the park basically because they were afraid that kids from Harlem would come down and play in their playground, so that’s the subtext. The other example had just been built at Riis park in a public housing development in lower Manhattan, and I had taken my students at Cooper Union where I was a Professor of Architecture to look at it, and they were a built version of what Lou Khan and Noguchi had proposed; mounds, slides, cobblestones, sand. It was terrific and the guy who did it is sitting next to me here, and we were colleagues and competitors, who knows, for many years but we were the two gurus of the playground revolution that happened in New York.

Paul Friedberg:

If you are really talking about play then you really don’t want to design or look at something in relation to its formal content. It’s more ‘what does that child receive from the experience, the play experience’. So we are really talking about play environments or environments where the child is capable of play.

Then you have to go to the next step of ‘what then do you consider play’. And we have deformed the meaning of that word so that it is considered an unimportant aspect of our life. When we play, when we talk about my culture or our culture, we talk about ‘The PlayGROUND’, where we stick a kid in, in a fence usually, in a fenced off area, and that’s when you can play. Now when you leave this place, you can’t play. That is the implication. You go through the gate and that’s it. And the other side of it is, play has become an institution, an economic institution around the world. You pay to go watch other people play. We’ve changed the word so the competitive formal sport has become play. But it really isn’t.

DER FAHRENDE RAUM | Adventure Playground, Central Park, courtesy Richard Dattner -
Adventure Playground, Central Park, courtesy Richard Dattner

Richard Dattner:

But that’s not really play. I’m teaching this class at Columbia University to architects about play and they come from all over the world; China, Brazil, Caracas. And I asked each of them: what is play and what does play mean? And ultimately it meant the freedom to do what you wanted to do, at the time you wanted to do it, with whom you wanted to do it, in the manner you wanted to do it. Professional sports are closer to gladiators than they are to play. I mean, it’s got nothing to do with play. These big guys go and knock their brains out and get Alzheimer’s for the amusement of us, so they can sell more beer. That’s not play.

Paul Friedberg:

And the way we approach education is the way we approach play. We’ve institutionalized both to the point that the effectiveness of both is very limited compared to what it could be.

The whole idea of education being a sense of learning who YOU are, what the meaning of you even being here is, if there is any meaning. And maybe there is not. Maybe that’s what we have to know, but it’s an exploration. The whole thing is an exploration. You accumulate information and you share it and that’s education.

And play is the same thing. We have translated play into equipment. And if you look at what’s being sold, it’s equipment. Central park is a perfect example by the way. What we are seeing now is that the adventure playground is regressive compared to how it started. The adventure playground and you talk about Sørensen and some of the others who thought of play as a process not a product.

Richard Dattner:

The students I met with yesterday each made a one minute video of a playground somewhere in New York. It was very interesting. Very sophisticated videos that they all made on their iPhones. Two of these students went to Governor’s Island. There is a true adventure playground there which is basically a mound of junk and the kids have hammers and nails. I mean, Lady Allen would be thrilled. But boy, does that look dangerous! And some of the students at Columbia at their uptown Campus were asking: “Why aren’t there more of these?” I said well across Amsterdam Avenue from where we are sitting is the Law School at Columbia and one of the factors is that Americans are very litigious, and if their little kid gets hurt in one of these environments, where all is permitted and all kinds of materials are there, the parents are sometimes eager to litigate. So that’s been a damper on creative playgrounds.

DER FAHRENDE RAUM | Isamu Noguchi, Riverside Drive Playground model, 1965, Plaster
© The Isamu Noguchi Foundation and Garden Museum/ VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn 2020 -
Isamu Noguchi, Riverside Drive Playground model, 1965, Plaster © The Isamu Noguchi Foundation and Garden Museum/ VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn 2020

Paul Friedberg:

That and the parents, who have become overly protective. In her book, Lady Allen says: ‘American playgrounds are designed by Lawyers’, and to a large extent she is right.

Let me go a step back. We have developed an institution where we have people who are supposedly trained but responsible for determining the safety of the play piece. And they have come up with rigid, rigid formulas and standards.

Richard Dattner:

There is a book on my bookshelf of those federal requirements. You can’t design a real interesting playground. Materials are there, the parents are sometimes eager to litigate. So that’s been a damper on creative playgrounds.

Paul Friedberg:

Just to modify that a little bit. Some of them are well intentioned.

Richard Dattner:

They are all well intentioned. You don’t want a kid impaled on something sharp, you don’t want railings that are so close that a kid gets its head stuck. Those are the basic things. But the other things are that if you get above a certain height. You’ll notice my playgrounds that are built in Central Park, when they were done in the 60s and 70s, they had low concrete walls that a kid could walk on. Now if a wall is more than I think 30 inches, either it has to be sloped or a kid can’t walk on it, or it has to have another railing on top of the railing. It’s overly protective.

Paul Friedberg:

And the reason is: ‘I’ve got a job, my job is safety’. So therefore I look under rocks for potentially dangerous areas and it becomes one person’s interpretation.
When I started it was the wild west. Nobody knew, nobody cared and you just did what you wanted.

Richard Dattner:

I mean we obviously cared about not being dangerous but we used common sense. We didn’t use a series of guidelines. I mean we didn’t have fences with sharp spikes.

Paul Friedberg:

Who has common sense?

Richard Dattner:

The adventure playground by the way originally did have a ‘play leader’. It was an elderly lady who put out the materials in the morning, paint, and those panels that you rebuilt and they were put back in the afternoon inside the pyramid. The one in Governor’s Island has two people there, otherwise your kids could start nailing one to the other! And it could be dangerous.

DER FAHRENDE RAUM | Städtischer Spielplatz, Düsseldorf (Golzheim), Germany, Foto: Fari Shams -
Städtischer Spielplatz, Düsseldorf (Golzheim), Germany, Foto: Fari Shams

Paul Friedberg:

That’s only one dimension. That’s construction and with that you learn how things fit together, how to use tools, how to relate, socialize, and also compromise, but it cuts across a broad spectrum of what we would like humans to develop when they go to ‘the playground’. But this should be something that is pervasive.

If you now take the next big step: You started out by saying this was just one step in the development. If you look at where we stand: you get to the point where you no longer want the pipe equipment that Moses inherited from the earlier ones — the slide, the swing, the monkey bars — were all part of an industrialization period in this country and play is also an adaptive process, you are learning! And we were in a way giving this child the experience of this mechanized arrangement. But if you then go to Richard’s playgrounds or my playgrounds, and you begin to say: well is that really enough? It’s like a classroom if you think about it. You go there and you are given the opportunity to express and expand on your energy and what you get out of it is not just physical but from the social, right across the whole spectrum of what we find important.

The next step is when this begins to infect or effect the adult, because you can’t go any further before you can include the adult in the process. There has to be a total redefinition of the value of play and it is not a meaningless activity that is unproductive because we have no product to show for it.

Richard Dattner:

If you go back, Fari, to Central Park 67th Street on the east side of the park at Fifth Avenue, there is another one of Paul’s playgrounds which takes a different direction and really has influenced what I think is now becoming a major philosophy of playground design which is a so called Nature Playground. So instead of building a structure, a man made pyramid like we both did in the past, Paul used an actual hill and the slide runs down the hill. There are other playgrounds like this in lower Manhattan, Brooklyn Bridge Park, Michael van Valkenburgh, very nice, and this is another trend.

And playgrounds as I think Paul mentioned have a didactic dimension, they teach kids about the universe. One of the important things about a nature playground is that it teaches about nature. You can climb on a log, on a tree, on an artificial tree of a real tree. You can skip on stones, and the water can run down a natural stream so it’s both a place to play physically, socially with other little kids but it’s also an appreciation of an experience that some kids have in the country.

Again these interesting young architects that I met: One was from Beirut and I said where did you start playing and he said ‘well I started playing in the rubble of bombed out buildings’, you know he was replicating the Lady Allen World War II thing, he was replicating it in the middle east in a much more recent war.

And I asked another Chinese person ‘where did you play?’. And there were six Chinese students in this class and almost everyone said: We didn’t play, we didn’t have playgrounds. Our parents sent us to school or some place, or we had to learn ping-pong, or we had to study. There were no playgrounds. It’s cultural. It’s incredible.

DER FAHRENDE RAUM | Adventure Playground, Central Park, courtesy Richard Dattner -
Adventure Playground, Central Park, courtesy Richard Dattner

Paul Friedberg:

It goes back again to ‘play has no value, so you shouldn’t be doing it. Let me expose you to what HAS value and will make you wealthy’.

But what I mean when I say it has to permeate the adult attitude is that has to be a value that we place on this activity and reinterpret it so it’s not a matter of playing ping pong as an adult or tennis, those are good, those are also competitive to a large extent, but more about being able to BE, to SEE and to absorb.

Richard Dattner:

At any moment in history there is a competition. On the one hand there is play. By that I mean freedom. Freedom of imagination, freedom of expression, freedom of everything else. That’s the kind of happy, chaotic, imaginative pole of existence.

At the other end are the real world demands of earning a living, getting certification as a professional, getting into the right school. And in New York, among the upper middle class, people in the professional classes; we don’t have a class system in America but we DO have a class system. So the professional classes are focused on getting into the right nursery school so you can get into the right Kindergarden and then get into the right private school or one or two public schools that are desirable, because then you can get into the right high school and then you can go to Harvard or Princeton or Yale or Stanford and then you can become a professional and make a lot of money and live a good life. So those things are all antithetical to play.

My wife and my daughter both went to Bronx High School of Science. It’s one of the public schools, but at the highest level, and you have to take an examination to get in. So right now 57% of the students at Bronx Science are Asian, 27% are white and the rest are a mixture of east Asian, black and Latino. So there are many people in New York, especially in the minority community who are saying it’s not fair. But it’s precisely those Asian habits of teaching their kids.

DER FAHRENDE RAUM | Billy Johnson Playground courtesy Paul Friedberg and the Central Park Conservancy -
Billy Johnson Playground courtesy Paul Friedberg and the Central Park Conservancy

Paul Friedberg:

They work well.

Richard Dattner:

You know I once had a wonderful experience. 
I went to a Fund Raiser for a school system, a charter school for poor minority kids, black and Latino kids, where they were asking people like me for money to support these kids so they could get a better education, very nice, you know the group, I’m not going to mention any names. On my way home at 10.30 at night I passed by my local Chinese Restaurant and in the front window were two little kids, maybe five and seven years old, their parents were in the back in a wok, you know making take out Chinese food. These kids were doing their homework at 10.30 at night, in front of a Chinese Restaurant, god knows miles from their house. Those are the kids. So they were not playing, they were doing their homework. They weren’t having a lot of fun. But they now go to Bronx Science and they’re probably going to go to Harvard.

Paul Friedberg:

But they COULD be playing.

Richard Dattner:

They SHOULD be playing.

Paul Friedberg:

No, doing what they are doing, they COULD be playing and that’s an attitude. In other words you have to re-frame what play IS.

Richard Dattner:

I’m not sure. Paul, doing homework at 10.30 at night when your parents are slaving away in the back of a Chinese restaurant may not be our concept of play.

Paul Friedberg:

If this discussion of ours is not just to explain where we’ve been or what we are. But really you started this interview by asking us why playgrounds look the way they do. Well it’s because of who we are right now. And I guess my point is that I have gone past a lot of the things we’ve both done in the past.

Those who appreciate the value of the design, the physical design and the fact that there shouldn’t be this unique, bizarre kind of element with Disney colors and all that, but it’s really part of life and you just come across it and you enjoy it for what it is and then you see the world as your playground.

 

Danke an Richard Dattner und Paul Friedberg für das Interview.
Das Interview war Bestandteil der Ausstellung „Personal Educator – Ein experimentelles Lehrstück“ von Fari Shams, (2018)
PARKHAUS im Malkastenpark, Düsseldorf.
Siehe auch www.farishams.com

Mehr zu Dattner, Friedberg, Moses, Sørensen und Lady Allen,
siehe www.architekturfuerkinder.ch